Fall 2000
Schram
Final Exam Study Guide
The final exam for this section of the course will have multiple choice, short answer and essay questions. To prepare, use the keynotes checklists provided over the course of the semester in class in order to help structure and focus your review of key points addressed in the readings. Be prepared to define or explain any of the following:
Qualitative vs. Quantitative research
Verificationist vs. Falsificationist theory of science
Paradigm
Induction vs. Deduction
Hypothesis
Independent vs. Dependent Variable
Operationalization
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio level of precision in measurement
Reliability vs. Validity of Quantitative Measurement
Systematic vs. Random Measurement Error
Triangulation
Acquiescent Response-Set
Likert-type Scale
Unit of Analysis
Sample Frame
Probability Sample
Parameter vs. Statistic
Random Selection for Sampling vs. Randomization for Experimental Groups
Systematic Sample
Examples of Nonprobability Samples
Longitudinal vs. Cross-sectional Studies
Panel Study
Advantages vs. Disadvantages of different types of Survey Research
Conditions Needed to Establish Causality
Experimental vs. Control Group
Internal vs. External Validity
Threats to Internal Validity—history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, selection bias, experimental mortality, ambiguity about the direction of causal influence, and diffusion of treatment
Classic Two-Group Design
Hawthorne Effect
Research Reactivity
Advantages vs. Disadvantages of Experimental Design
Simple A/B Single Subject Design
Baseline vs. Intervention Phase
Limitations of Single Subject Designs
Visual vs. Statistical vs. Clinical Significance
Field Studies vs. Ethnographies
Verstehen
Grounded Theory
Reliability and Validity for Qualitative Observation
Pitfalls of Qualitative Research—suppressed evidence, provincialism, overidentification, hasty conclusions, and questionable causation
Advantages and Disadvantages of Unobstrusive Measurement
Content Analysis
Intercoder Reliability
Ecological Fallacy
Needs vs. Assets Assessment
Outcome Evaluation