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Required and Recommended Readings Module
1. Case Studies of Ethnopolitical
Conflict
Case Study I: Northern IrelandRequired Reading: McGarry, J. & O’Leary, B. (2004). The Northern Ireland conflict: Consociational engagements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Chapter 5) O'Leary, B., Grofman, B., & Elklit, J. (2005). Divisor methods for sequential portfolio allocation in multi-party executive bodies: Evidence from Northern Ireland and Denmark. American Journal of Political Science, 49, 198–211. O’Leary, B. (2005). Mission accomplished? Looking back at the IRA. Field Day Review, 1, 217-246. Bruce, S. (2001). Terrorists and politics: The case of Northern Ireland's loyalist paramilitaries. Terrorism and Political Violence, 13, 27-48. Case Study II: Israel/PalestineRequired Reading: Tessler, M. (1994). A history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Bloomington: Indiana Press. (Chapter 5) Bialik, C. N. “City of Slaughter.” CZA L2/94/I (undated and unsigned press report). Beware the Zionist danger. Laqueur, W., & Rubin, B. (Eds.). (2001). The Israel-Arab reader: A documentary history of the Middle East conflict. New York: Penguin Putnam. (Excerpts from Likud Platform, March 1977) Dayan, M. (1968). Soldier reflects on peace hopes (text of an address to a graduating class at the Israel Army Staff and Command College). Jerusalem Post (September 27). Arlosoroff, C. (1948). Reflections on Zionist policy. Jewish Frontier, October, 49-53. (Letter originally published 30 June 1932) Inbar, E. (1991). Israel’s small war: The military response to the Intifada. Armed Forces & Society, 18, 29-50. Lustick, I. S. (2002).
Through blood and fire shall peace arise. Tikkun
Magazine (May/June). Said, E. (2001). Strategies of hope & What can separation mean? In The End of the Peace Process: Oslo and after (pp. 193-199, 327-330) Shikaki, K. (2002). Palestinians divided. Foreign Affairs (January/February). Eidelberg, P. (2004). Not for the spineless. Retrieved from http://www.freeman.org/m_online/dec04/eidelberg.php on April 29, 2005. Eidelberg, P. (2004). Anyone for God? Retrieved from http://www.freeman.org/m_online/feb00/eidelberg.htm on April 29, 2005. Kidron, P. (1988). Truth whereby nations live. In E. Said and C. Hitchens, (Eds), Blaming the victims: Spurious scholarship and the Palestinian question. London: Verso. Islamic Resistance Movement. (1988). The Charter of Allah: The Platform of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas). Retrieved from http://www.palestinecenter.org/cpap/documents/charter.html on April 29, 2005. Case Study III: RwandaRequired Reading: The Economist (Mar
25th, 2004) Rwanda, remembered: Lessons of a genocide. http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=2536344 Prunier,
G. (1997). The Rwandan Crisis: History of a Genocide New York:
Columbia University Press. (Genocide and Renewed War: 6 April-14 June 1994) Recommended: Module
2. Theories of Ethnic Conflict and
Conflict Management
Theories and Approaches
to National and Ethnic Identity Required Reading: Horowitz, D. L. (2003). The
primordialists. In D. Conversi (Ed). Ethnonationalism in the modern world: Walker Connor and the study of
nationalism (pp.
72-82). London:
Routledge. Smith, A. D. (1998). Myths
and memories of the nation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp. 57-96) Eller, J. & Coughlan, R. (1993). The poverty of primordialism: the demystification of ethnic attachments. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16, 183-202. Structural and Interest Theories of Ethnic ConflictRequired Reading: Hardin, R. (1995). One for all: The logic of group conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (pp. 3-25) Taylor, D. M., & Moghaddam, F. M. (1994). Theories of intergroup relations: International social psychological perspectives (2nd Edition). New York: Praeger. (pp. 35-60) Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books. (Chapters 1, 2, & 4) Recommended: Ross, M.H. (1993). Political conflict and the structure of society. Chapter 3 in The culture of conflict: Interpretations and interests in comparative perspective.. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. (pp. 33-50). Sherif, M., O. J. Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers’ Cave experiment. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Book Exchange. LeVine, R.A. & Campbell, D.T. (1972). Realistic group conflict theory (Chapter 3, pp. 29-42). In Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes and group behavior. New York: John Wiley. Brewer, M., & Brown, R. (1998). Intergroup relations. In D. T. Gilbert, S .T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology, 4th Edition, Volume II (pp. 554-594). New York: McGraw-Hill. Psychocultural Theories of Ethnic ConflictRequired Reading: Volkan, V. (1997). Blood lines: From ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. (pp. 3-49) Recommended: Conflict Management: Implications of Structural
and Psychocultural Theories
Required Reading: Fearon, J., & Laitin, D.
(1996). Explaining interethnic cooperation. American Political Science
Review, 90, 715-735. Kelman, H. (1986). Overcoming
barriers to negotiation of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Journal of
Palestine Studies, 16, 13-28. Volkan, V. D. (1999).
Psychoanalysis and diplomacy: Part I. Individual and large group identity. Journal
of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 1, 29-55. Ross, M. H. (2000). Creating the conditions for peacemaking: Theories of practice in ethnic conflict resolution. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 23, 1002-1034. Ross, M. H. (2000). ‘Good-enough’ isn’t so bad: Success and failure in ethnic conflict management. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 6, 27-47. Recommended: Fisher, R. & Ury, W. (1982). Getting to yes. Susskind, L. & Cruikshank, J. (1987) Breaking the impasse: Dealing with an angry public. Basic Books. O’Leary, B. (2001). Nationalism and ethnicity: Research agendas on theories of their sources and their regulation. In D. Chirot, & M. P. Seligman, (Eds.), Ethnopolitical warfare: causes, consequences, and possible solutions (pp. 37-48). Washington, DC: APA Books. Case Study Applications of
Structural and Psychocultural Theories Required Reading: Ross, M. H. (2005). Dressed to Express: Muslim Headscarves in French Schools. (unpublished chapter) Ross, M. H. (2005). Flags, Heroes and Statues: Inclusive versus Exclusive Identity Markers in the American South. (unpublished chapter) Module 3.
The Politics of Identity for Groups and Individuals
Identities and InstitutionsRequired Reading: Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. Boston, MA: Little, Brown. (pp. 412-430) Lustick, I. S. (1993). Unsettled states, disputed lands: Britain and Ireland, France and Algeria, Israel and the West Bank/Gaza. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. (pp. 1-6) Nagel, J. (1994). Constructing ethnicity: Creating and recreating ethnic identity and culture. Social Problems, 41, 152-176. Posner, D. N. (2004). The political salience of cultural difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas are allies in Zambia and adversaries in Malawi. American Political Science Review, 98, 529-546. Recommended: Simon, H. (1947). Administrative Behavior. (Chapts. V-VII). David Laitin, "The Ogaadeen Question and Changes in Somali Identity," Chapter 16 in State Versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas, Donald Rothchild and Victor A. Olorunsola, eds. Russell Hardin, 1995, “Self-interest, group identity,” Breton, A. Et. al. (eds), Nationalism and Rationality pp. 14-42 Vamik D. Volkan, “Psychoanalysis and Diplomacy: Part I. Individual and Large Group Identity,” Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, Vol. I, no. 1 (1999) pp. 29-55. Daniel Byman, “Forever Enemies? The Manipulation of Ethnic Identities to End Ethnic Wars,” SECURITY STUDIES Vol. 9, no. 3, Spring 2000 pp. 149-190. Barth, Fredrik. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (London: Allen and Unwin, 1969). Hegemonic Beliefs: Common Sense in Individuals and GroupsRequired Reading: David, P. A. (1985). Clio and the economics of QWERTY. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 75, 332-337. http://www.utdallas.edu/~liebowit/knowledge_goods/david1985aer.htm Butler, J. (1997). The psychic life of power (Stanford: Stanford University Press. (pp. 132-150) Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books. (Chapters 2 & 14) Recommended: Michael A. Hogg and Craig McCarty, “Self-categorization and Social Identity,” in Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances, Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg (eds.), 1990, pp. 10-27. H. Tajfel (1970) Experiments in intergroup discrimination,” Scientific American, 223, 96-102. Joseph Stalin, “The Nation” and “The National Movement” http://www.marx2mao.org//Stalin/MNQ12.html#en130 pp. 303-323. Katherine
Verdery, National Ideology Under Socialism: Identity and Cultural Politics in
Ceausescu’s Romania (1991) The Origins of Ethnicity and The Hegemony of National IdentityRequired Reading: Eley, G., & Suny, R. G. (1996). Introduction: From the moment of social history to the work of cultural representation. In G. Eley & R. G. Suny (Eds.), Becoming national (pp. 3-12). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lustick, I. S. (2002). Hegemony and the riddle of nationalism: The dialectics of nationalism and religion in the Middle East. Logos, 1, 18-24. http://logosonline.home.igc.org/issue_1.3.pdf Chandra, K. (2004). Why ethnic parties succeed: Patronage and ethnic head counts in India. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 33-46) Johnson, G. R. (1997). The architecture of ethnic identity. Politics and the Life Sciences, 16, 257-262. Recommended: Walker Connor, "Beyond Reason: The Nature of the Ethnonational Bond,” in Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding, pp. 195-209. (1994). Eller and Coughlan (1993). “The Poverty of Primordialism: The Demystification of Ethnic Attachments,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16, April, 183-202. David D. Laitin, Hegemony and Culture Anthony D. Smith, “Structure and persistence of ethnie,” in The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Migration, Montserrat Guibernau and John Rex, eds. (1997) Brubaker, Rogers. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Michael Hechter, “Nationalism and Rationality,” Studies in Comparative International Development Vol. 35, no. 1 (Spring 2000) pp. 3-19. Samuel Huntington, “Clash of Civilizations” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, no. 3 (Summer 1993) Core Beliefs and Collective WorldviewsRequired Reading: Eidelson, R. J., & Eidelson, J. I. (2003). Dangerous ideas: Five beliefs that propel groups toward conflict. American Psychologist, 58, 182-192. Coleman, P. T. (2003). Characteristics of protracted, intractable conflict: Toward the development of a metaframework-I. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 9, 1-37. Petersen, R. D. (2002). Understanding ethnic violence: Fear, hatred, and resentment in twentieth-century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Chapter 2) Modeling Identity
Formation, Stabilization, and Change Required Reading: Chandra, K. (Ed.). (2001). Cumulative findings in the study of ethnic politics. APSA-CP, 12, 7-25. http://www.nd.edu/~apsacp/pdf/APSA-CP20Winter202001.pdf pp. 7-25. Lustick, I. S. (2002). PS-I: A user-friendly agent-based modeling platform for testing theories of political identity and political stability. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulations, 5: http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/5/3/7.html Lustick, I. S., Miodownik, D., & Eidelson, R. J. (2004). Secessionism in multicultural states: Does sharing power prevent or encourage it? American Political Science Review, 98, 209-230. Recommended: Cederman, Lars-Erik. Emergent Actors in World Politics: How States and nations Develop and Dissolve (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997) Ian S. Lustick, “Agent-Based Modelling of Collective Identity: Testing Constructivist Theory” Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, Vol. 3, no. 1 (January 2000). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/3/1/contents.html Joshua M. Epstein, " "Agent-Based Computational Models and Generative Social Science," Complexity, Vol. 4, no. 5 (May-June 1999) pp. 41-60. Robert Axelrod, The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997). Module
4. The Psychology of Ethnopolitical
Conflict Perceiving Human Groups: Stereotype and EssenceRequired Reading: McCauley, C., Jussim, L., & Lee, Y.T. (1995). Stereotype accuracy: toward appreciating group differences. In Y. T. Lee, L. Jussim & C. McCauley (Eds.), Stereotype accuracy: toward an appreciation of group differences (pp. 292-313). Washington, D.C.: APA Books. Leroi, A. M. (14 March 2005). A family tree in every gene. New York Times Op-Ed Page. Haslam, N., Rothschild, L., & Ernst, D. (2004). Essentialism and entitativity: Structures of beliefs about the ontology of social categories. In V. Yzerbyt, C. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception (pp. 61-78). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Psychology of Group IdentificationRequired Reading: McCauley, C. (2001). The psychology of group identification and the power of ethnic nationalism. In D. Chirot & M. Seligman (Eds.), Ethnopolitical warfare: causes, consequences, and possible solutions (pp. 343-362). Washington, DC: APA Books. McCauley, C., Worchel, S., Moghaddam, F., & Lee, Y.T. (2004). Contact and identity in intergroup relations. In Y. T. Lee, C. McCauley, F. Moghaddam, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The psychology of ethnic and cultural conflict, (pp. 309-326). Westport, CT: Praeger. Psychology of Intergroup ConflictRequired Reading: McCauley, C. (2000). How President Bush moved the U.S. into the Gulf War: Three theories of group conflict and the construction of moral violation. Journal for the Study of Peace and Conflict, 2000-2001 Annual Edition, 32-42. Royzman, E., McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (2004). From Plato to Putnam: Four ways of thinking about hate. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), The psychology of hate (pp. 3-35). Washington, D.C.: APA Books. Terrorism: Individual, Group, Social Movement, and Cultural PerspectivesRequired Reading: McCauley, C. (2002). Psychological issues in understanding terrorism and the response to terrorism. In C. Stout (Ed.), The psychology of terrorism, Volume III: Theoretical understandings and perspectives (pp. 3-30). Westport, CT: Praeger. Atran, S. (2003). Genesis of suicide terrorism. Science, 299, 1534-1539. McCauley, C. (1991). Terrorism research and public policy: an overview. In C. McCauley (Ed.), Terrorism research and public policy (pp. 126-144). London: Frank Cass. Ethnic Riots and Genocide Required Reading: Chirot, D., & McCauley, C. (under review). Why not kill all of them? The logic of mass political murder and finding ways of avoiding it. Princeton: Princeton University Press. McCauley, C. (2001). Review of D. Horowitz's The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Journal of Conflict, Security and Development, 1, 164-168. McCauley, C. (in press). Review of A. Varshney's Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. Terrorism and Political Violence. Module
5. Working with Survivors of Violence
and Refugees, Part I
Professionalism in
Humanitarian Action Required Reading: Donini, A., Minear, L., & Walker, P. (2004). The future of humanitarian action: Mapping the implications of Iraq and other recent crises. Disasters Journal, 26, 190-204. Walker, P., & Purdin, S. (2004). Birthing Sphere. The early history of the Sphere project. Disasters Journal, 26, 100-111. Slim, H. (2002). By what authority? The legitimacy and accountability of non-governmental organisations. Journal of Humanitarian Assistance (Document Posted: 10 March 2002 http://www.jha.ac/articles/a082.htm). Barry, J., & Jefferys, A. (2002). A bridge too far: Aid agencies and the military in humanitarian response. HPN Network Paper 37 (http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?ReportID=2398). Collinson, S., Bhatia, M., Evans, M., Fanthorpe, R., Goodhand, J., Jackson, S. (2002). Politically informed humanitarian programming: Using a political economy approach. HPN Network Paper 41 (http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?ReportID=2503). Recommended: Moore, J. (Ed.). (1998).
Hard choices: Moral dilemmas in humanitarian intervention. Oxford: Rowman
& Littlefield. The Tsunami: A Case of a
Celebrity Disaster Required Reading: Walker, P. Wisner, B. Leaning, J. Minear, L. (2005). Smoke and mirrors: Deficiencies in disaster funding. British Medical Journal, 330, 247-250. Morin. R. (2005). Aid from the gray lady? Washington Post (Sunday, March 13; Page B05). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A28922-2005Mar12.html
Tsunamis, accountability and the humanitarian circus. Humanitarian Exchange, 29, 53-55. The Asian Coalition for Housing Rights (March 6). http://www.achr.net/000ACHRTsunami/Sri%20Lank%20TS/Tsunami%20Sri%20Lanka.htm Ekachai, S. This land is our land. http://www.achr.net/000ACHRTsunami/Thailand%20TS/Thai%20Extras%20Tsunami%201.htm An Introduction to
Psychosocial Approaches, Part I Required Reading: Ager, A. (1999). Perspectives on the refugee experience. In A. Ager (Ed.), Refugees: Perspectives on the experience of forced migration (pp. 1-23). London: Pinter. van der Veer. G. (1998). The experiences of refugees. In Counseling and therapy with refugees and victims of trauma. NY: John Wiley & Sons. (pp. 1-26) Weine, S. (2000). Survivor families and their strengths: Learning from Bosnians after genocide. Other Voices, v. 2, n. 1 (February). Psychosocial Working Group (2004). A Conceptual Framework. Summerfield, D. (2002). Effects of war: Moral knowledge, revenge, reconciliation, and medicalised concepts of "recovery." British Medical Journal, 325,1105-1107. Recommended: Thomas, E. & Rappaport, J. (1996). Art as a community narrative: A resource for social change (Chapter 16). In B. Lykes, A. Banuazi, R. Liem, & M. Morris, (Eds), Myths about the powerless. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Maynard, K. A. (1999). Communities in conflict (Chapter 5). In Healing communities in conflict: International assistance in complex emergencies. NY: Columbia University Press. Somasundaram, D., Sivayokan & Joop de Jong (Eds). (2000). Helping (Chapter 1) and Tamil community and its traditional resources (Chapter 2). In Mental Health in the Tamil Community, Psychosocial Manual. Jaffna: TPO. An Introduction to
Psychosocial Approaches, Part II Required Reading: Beristain, C. M., Donná, G., Paez, D., Pérez-Sales, P. & Fernandez, I. (In press). Rebuilding the social fabric: A critical approach to humanitarian aid (Translation by A. Sierra from original Spanish; 1999). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Introduction & Chapter 6) Coomaraswamy, R. (2002). Sexual violence during wartime. Nethra (ICES, Colombo). vol. 5, n. 2. (April-June). Galappatti, A. (2005). Psychosocial work in the aftermath of the tsunami. Batticaloa, Sri Lanka. Psychosocial Support
Program (2005). Guidelines for foreign
psychosocial professionals doing post-tsunami work in Sri Lanka. Recommended: Martin Baro, I. (1994). The psychological value of violent political repression (Chapter 9) and Public opinion research as a de-ideologizing instrument (Chapter 11). In A. Aron, & S. Corne (Eds.), Writings for a liberation psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Agger, I. (1999). The role of psychosocial projects in the peace building process: The clean and the unclean. In Rape is a War Crime. Conference by ICMPD and the Odysseus Project, EU (June). Cooke, B & Kothari, U. (2001). Participation: The new tyranny? NY: Zed Books. Design and Evaluation of Psychosocial Programs, Part IRequired Reading: Beristain, C. M., Donná, G., Paez, D., Pérez-Sales, P. & Fernandez, I. (In press). Rebuilding the social fabric: A critical approach to humanitarian aid. (Translation by A. Sierra from original Spanish; 1999). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. (Chapters 1, 4, & 8) Pérez-Sales, P. (2003). Mental health in disasters: The psychosocial approach. In T. Baubet, K. Le Roch, D. Bitar & M. R. Moro (Eds.) Soigner malgré tout, Tome 1: Trauma, cultures et soins [To look after despite everything, Vol. 1: Trauma, cultures and care] (pp. 113-122). Paris: Médecins Sans Frontiéres. Recommended: Vázquez, C., Cervellón, P, Pérez-Sales, P., Vidales, D. & Gaborit, M. (2005). Positive emotions in earthquake survivors in El Salvador (2001). Anxiety Disorders, 19, 313-328. Vázquez, C., Matt, G. & Pérez-Sales, P. (Manuscript submitted). Post-traumatic stress reactions following the Madrid March 11 terrorist attacks: Epidemiological effects of exposure and use of multiple diagnostic criteria in a Madrid community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress. Pupavac, V. (2001, April). Pathologising populations and colonising minds: International psychosocial programmes in Kosovo. Manchester, U.K.: Paper for the 51st Political Studies Association Conference. Hernández, P. (2002). Resilience in families and communities: Latin American contributions from the psychology of liberation. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 10, 334-343. Asociación 11-M Afectados Terrorismo [Association of Persons Affected by the Terrorism of March 11]. (2004, December). Text of presentation by Pilar Manjon Gutiérrez to the Parliamentary Commission of Investigation. Madrid. www.associacion11m.org. Design and Evaluation of
Psychosocial Programs, Part II Required Reading: Pérez-Sales, P. (2001). Keeping control over one’s own life: A participatory diagnosis in the shelters of Cafetalón and Santa Gertrudis – New San Salvador. San Salvador: Médecins Sans Frontiéres. Duncan, J. & Arnston, L. (2004). Children in crisis: Good practices in evaluating psychosocial programming. Washington, D.C.: Save the Children Federation. Recommended: Eyber, C. (2002). Psychosocial issues. FMO Thematic Research Guide series. www.forcedmigration.org/guides/fmo004. Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence. (2003). Mental health in emergencies: Mental and social aspects of health of populations exposed to extreme stressors. Geneva: World Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization. (1999). Humanitarian assistance in disaster situations: A guide for effective aid. Washington, D.C.: World Health Organization. de Jong, J.T.V.M. (2002). Public mental health, traumatic stress and human rights violations in low-income countries: A culturally appropriate model in times of conflict, disaster and peace. In J. T. V. M. de Jong (Ed.) Trauma, war and violence: Public mental health in socio-cultural context (pp. 1-91). New York: Kluwer. Module 6. Working with Survivors of Violence and
Refugees, Part II Children and Armed ConflictRequired Reading: Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1996). The effects of political violence on Palestinian children's behavior problems: A risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67, 33-45. Macksoud, M. S., & Aber, J. L. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67, 70-88. Wessells, M. G., & Monteiro, C. (2001). Psychosocial interventions and post-war reconstruction in Angola: Interweaving Western and traditional approaches. In D. Christie, R. V. Wagner, & D. Winter (Eds.), Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology for the 21st century (pp. 262-275). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Recommended: Ahearn, F. (Ed.) (2000). Psychosocial wellness of refugees. New York: Berghahn. Cairns, E. (1996). Children and political violence. Cambridge: Blackwell. Machel, G. (2001). The impact of war on children. Cape Town: David Philip. Ethics of Development: Workers & Academics
Required Reading: Anderson, M. (1999). Do no harm: How aid can support peace—or war. Boulder: Lynne Rienner. (pp. 23-76). Recommended: Bracken, P., & Petty, C. (Eds.)(1998). Rethinking the trauma of war. New |