Campbell, N. A. (1996) Biology, 5th ed. Ch. 26: Early Earth and the Origin of Life, pp. 490-498.

Duve, de C. (1995) The beginnings of life on Earth. Amer. Sci. 83: 428-437.

Russell, M. 2006. First life. Amer. Sci. 94:32-39.

Wald, G. (1979) Life: Origin and Evolution. Scientific American. Folsome, C. E. (ed.), Ch. 5, pp. 47-56.