GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF CITIES

SENIOR THESIS ABSTRACTS 2001-2

AGUINALDO, Nathalie (Bryn Mawr) ARCHITECTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL IDEALS VERSUS REALITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY SECONDARY SCHOOL: A STUDY OF RADNOR HIGH SCHOOL (1958-2001)

Exploring how architectural ideals influence educational ideals is a familiar terrain for both architects and educators. This debate remains present in contemporary school architecture when we evoke the revolutionary era of the 1960s/70s. Secondary schools from this period reveal a shift to educational ideals that paid more attention to the individual student’s educational differences. Experimental schools designed to accommodate these educational ideals also provide interesting comparisons as they continue into the present and/or are replaced by new schools. These comparisons not only reveal the time’s significant architectural influence in the contemporary school, but also functions as a lens in which to identify the issues of today’s secondary school in reality, and where it is headed in the years to come.

Radnor High School in Radnor, Pennsylvania serves here as a case study of the design issues of the present secondary school and its reflections on an innovative past.

BARTH, Caroline (Bryn Mawr) INCREASING THE IMPACT OF FOUNDATIONS ON COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN PHILADELPHIA

Current revitalization efforts in America's inner city neighborhoods involve a network of key funders including the federal government, city governments, national intermediary organizations, and local private foundations. City government has consistently wielded considerable power over the complex community development process, as a policy maker and funder, while local private foundations have had less impact in the area of community development, despite the money and influence at their disposal. Foundations have a unique position in the city that allows them to gather and disseminate information on community development, to be flexible with what they fund and how quickly they are able to act, and to examine and evaluate community development activities throughout the City.

This paper explores, from the perspectives of community development

corporations, foundation staff, and city government officials in Philadelphia, the potential for local foundations to use their position to increase their impact on community development. The different roles which various organizations see foundations play, and the different funding strategies which foundations use to fund community development, indicate areas of strength as well as areas in which foundations might improve. The interplay between all of the organizations involved in community development demands that any action foundations take to increase their impact must necessarily include both City government and the community development corporations on some level. The field of organized philanthropy is likely to see some fundamental changes in the coming decades, which will produce innovative grantmaking and program solutions. But Philadelphia's foundations must act now in order to begin to truly combat the current problems facing the city's inner city communities. To this end, I argue that in the immediate future increased communication and coordination between the major players in Philadelphia's neighborhood revitalization, both funders and community organizations, is the key to more efficient, effective use of foundation money and influence.

BENJAMIN, Audra (Bryn Mawr)ACTS OF MEMORY:THE VIETNAM WAR MEMORIAL AND THE WORLD WAR II MONUMENT IN WASHINGTON DC

War memorials reflect the ways in which their sponsors chose to remember and preserve histories. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the World War II Memorial exemplify the tension between memorializing individuals and memorializing the cause for which individuals fought. Although World War II preceded Vietnam, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was created nearly 20 years before the World War II Memorial will be built. This is the result of the differences in national opinion and acceptance of the two wars. While contemporaries generally considered World War II veterans national heroes, Vietnam veterans grappled with the mixed emotions of a deeply divided public opinion. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was conceived as a means to recognize otherwise forgotten veterans, dead and alive, and to facilitate a healing process for the Vietnam generation, regardless of their opinions about the war. Its simple modern architecture reflects the ideals of remembering the dead; it makes a statement of loss. The World War II Memorial, though, returns to the traditional triumphal architecture of the national Mall. It makes a powerful statement about the merits of World War II, as well as reinforcing notions of U.S. victory. This thesis examines the ways in which these two memorials on the Mall in Washington D.C. are understood through their histories, and the perceptions of their histories; these differences are manifested in their respective structures. Ultimately, I argue that the World War II Memorial’s regressive design makes a statement about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.

BOWER, Anna (Bryn Mawr) BEYOND THE WALL: ART AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN NORTHERN IRELAND

           Despite the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, many cities in Northern Ireland remain segregated on ethnic, political, and religious levels. Challenge and contestation over the right to define the nature of the place occurs at all levels as does the debate over the narrative of Northern Irish history. Much of the public rhetoric and iconography of Northern Ireland is rooted metaphorically and rhetorically in events of the past. What future, if any, can symbols and images play in the formation of secure and lasting peace in Northern Ireland?

The murals that mark the traditional boundaries between political communities---both figuratively and literally, have begun to influence realms beyond the wall.  Increasing the subject of satire, the theme of tourist trails, and the featured images on calendars and postcards, contemporary murals provide insight into the varying ways that art, social division and reconciliation are viewed in Northern Ireland.

The questions posed in this thesis were designed to mutually support and lend insight to the theme of envisioning a new city, while negotiating the symbols of the old. The emphasis is placed on how acts of expression upon one medium in particular, the wall, sketch the nature of tradition and change in Belfast and London-Derry. How are these images used and abused, admired and transformed, replaced and defaced within the context of cities attempting to rebuild

themselves? And what role, if any, can murals play in the construction of a secure and lasting peace in Northern Ireland?

CONLEY, Brooke (Bryn Mawr) CLAIMING PLACE: SQUATTER MOVEMENTS IN BERLIN AND PHILADELPHIA

Squatting has been used by both low-income groups and

politically-motivated anarchists to achieve a more equal distribution of

property. Here, I compare Berlin and Philadelphia, cities

with active squatter movements, to understand their social and cultural differences. In both cities, squatting has been a tool of youth and various leftist groups to protest the constraints that they feel have been placed upon them by corporations and by the government. Yet, it intersects with different cultural and social phenomena, including squatting as a way out of poverty in Philadelphia, that also changes the meaning of the movement as well as responses to it.

While these squatter movements express some similar objectives-

like the annihilation of the capitalist system by some anarchist squatters

in both cities)- they have been shaped by cultural, political, urban

planning and environmental factors which define their respective contexts.

The primary reason for squatting in Berlin was to protest against specific

government actions (irresponsible planning) or against society and

capitalism in general. Youth and adults alike squat abandoned buildings

throughout Philadelphia for similar reasons. Squatting by homeless and

low-income people is more common in Philadelphia than in Berlin, and development and community organizations are more prevalent in Philadelphia.

It is difficult to determine the relative success of squatting in each city, since the definition of success varies among individuals and groups, depending on their goals. In this thesis, nonetheless, I will use evaluations by squatters and government in order to coherently analyze the movement and its impacts.

CURMALLY, Aliya (Bryn Mawr) GOTHAM CITIES: COMIC BOOK NOTIONS OF THE MODERN CITY

There exists the notion of a "Modern City" -- the city that is the product of both our experience and our imagination. We realize this city through its representations in elite and popular culture, through our experiences of living in the city, and through basic assumptions regarding the way we position ourselves within a broader tradition of history and social theory. By looking at the cities in comic books, I reconstruct and analyze the comic book notion of the city within the genres of realism and fantasy in the comic book medium. I compare these cities with the idea of the city and see where similarities and dissonances might raise questions, asking how " a new way of telling" might influence "a new way of seeing."

DE LA GARZA, Celestina (Bryn Mawr) FORGET THE ALAMO!: THE MEXICAN PRESENCE IN CONTEMPORARY SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

Contemporary San Antonio, Texas represents a multi-cultural arena where people interrelate and interact with one another. Nevertheless, the city approaches cultures with the thought of tradition and history being embodied by one type of culture, and the modern, by another type. Mexican culture has been considered the historical, traditional aspect of the city’s culture. Hence, there are areas of San Antonio that hold on to Mexican culture in their facets of life, while other areas of San Antonio do not relate to the Mexican heritage of the city. Spaces once considered Mexican have been expropriated within the center city to speak to all residents and tourists of the city, and spaces that had little or no Mexican heritage at all have been changed to showcase Mexican symbolic culture (a culture that is not authentically Mexican). As the city government and residents preach multiculturalism and a Mexican heritage, they are undoubtedly trying to assimilate Mexican heritage into their own image of what being Mexican means, creating identity problems and various ideas of what Mexican is throughout the city both by Anglos and those of Mexican heritage, dependent, of course, on the area and environment that the residents have surrounded themselves with.

DELCOURT, Emilie (Haverford) IT TAKES A VILLAGE… THE VILLAGE OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES AND ITS ROLES IN NORTH PHILADELPHIA URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Community development emerged as a field about thirty years ago, as a grassroots movement to improve life, most often in low-income neighborhoods. Today it is a multi-trillion-dollar field that addresses a large breadth of issues through a variety of forms and methods. In this thesis I examine one grassroots community development organization, the Village of Arts and Humanities, located in North Philadelphia, to discuss the varieties, reaches and limitations of community development and notions of ‘success’. I discuss the traditional ideas of community and community development and the ways in which an organizational model such as the Village fits into and, at the same time, redefines these notions. By comparing the Village to two other, different Philadelphia community development organizations I illustrate the diversity, and limitations, of this process. Finally, I posit that the arts-based model of the Village of Arts and Humanities challenges traditional notions of community development, and represents a whole new way of looking at community development and success.

GRADY-TROIA, Margaret (Bryn Mawr) APPROPRIATED DIALOGUES: EXPLORING VENTURI SCOTT BROWN & ARCHIGRAM

My thesis looks at the critiques of International Modernist Architecture

that Denise Scott Brown, husband Robert Venturi and Archigram each have made. In doing so, it seeks to put their rejections and suggestions into the ongoing

dialogue of popular culture and art using Marcel Duchamp and Jean

Baudrillard in particular. I argue that their bodies of written/published

work follow the tradition of pastiche or appropriation, linking Venturi

Scott Brown's celebration of Las Vegas and generic architecture to

Archigram's unique collages and comics as well as their respective

interests in contradiction and irony. In conclusion, I argue that both of

these teams have changed the nature of High-Brow Architecture by borrowing

from popular/consumer culture.

GUARINELLO, Elena (Haverford) THE PROMISE OF THE GAMES? IMAGINATION AND THE WASHINGTON, D.C. 2012 OLYMPIC BID

In this age of global competition, large cities increasingly desire the Olympics as a mega-event because of its promises of local economic development, catalysis of urban development projects, and unparalleled standing on the global stage. These incentives appear to outweigh the risks and significant costs of staging the Games, although critics have argued otherwise. Not only does staging the modern Olympiad call for huge investments of money, time, effort, and other resources, so too does the mere chance of hosting the Games. This thesis argues that the bid process itself can reveal as much about the city -- strengths, weaknesses and divisions -- as hosting the actual Games themselves.

Cities interested in hosting the Olympics must participate in a rigorous and intense competitive bid procedure before the International Olympic Committee (IOC) selects a host city. Hence, the Olympic bid process has enormous potential as an exercise in re-imagining the city. However, IOC composition, bid procedure, and common urban power structures all, in varying degrees, place demands upon and threaten this potential. Washington D.C.'s current 2012 Olympic bid presents an excellent opportunity to examine the city's ability to challenge these limitations.

As much about the city of Washington as the Olympic bid process, this thesis uses D.C.'s bid process as a means to display the city's multiplicity. Further, the bid process reveals elite forms of control at the same time that it serves exhibits an important discussion about the future shape of both the city and the region.

HEDRICK, Ashley (Haverford) THE MYTH OF NEW URBANISM: CRITIQUING DEVELOPMENT CHOICES IN HERCULES, CALIFORNIA.

In 2000, the former company town of Hercules, California accepted a New Urban plan for the construction of a mixed-use, mixed- income, pedestrian-oriented town center. The thesis investigates potential values and problems in this decision. It begins by describing principles of New Urban design and the results of their application in Seaside and Celebration, Florida, Kentlands, Maryland, and Laguna West, California in order to establish a pattern of failures that occur when New Urban principles are applied. The Charter for the New Urbanism promises that adherence to its principles will create diverse, mixed-use, communities that are less reliant on the automobile. However, a study of existing New Urban communities indicates that this promise does not materialize. On a smaller, local scale, the repeated results of New Urban development make it possible to predict what changes will occur in Hercules, and how those changes will effect the residents of Hercules and the residents in the surrounding cities. On a larger scale, the repeated failures of New Urbanism raise interesting questions about its effectiveness as a method of urban-planning. I argue that New Urbanism should not only be evaluated on whether it is successful in creating popular communities, but should also be evaluated on how closely it is able to realize the principles articulated in the movement’s Charter. Ultimately, the question is whether the method is able to create the unique urban communities that it claims to produce, or if it only succeeds in creating another upper-middle class suburb. Finally, the failures of New Urbanism may offer insights into both the effectiveness of physical determinism and the ethics of social engineering.

JUNG, Christine (Bryn Mawr) THE WORLD BANK DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK AND URBAN POLICY IN BRAZIL

Since its founding in 1946 after World War II (1939-45), the World Bank has been a development agency and a financial intermediary for the reconstruction and development of Europe and the Third World, which emerged as independent nations from decolonization. Yet, by the 1980s, the World Bank lending programs resulted in development for the upper strata and in socioeconomic segregation of the poor in metropolitan areas of developing countries.

This thesis compares the substantial modifications of the World Bank development policies from 1980 to 1999, which consist of Structural Adjustment (1980-1994) and the Comprehensive Development Framework, which was launched in 1999, to examine how the Bank addressed urbanization as a process of economic growth in developing countries. It uses Brazil as a case study to understand and to analyze the urban problems in a developing nation with a high degree of urbanization and the World Bank project in Northeast Brazil during the debt crisis of Latin America in the 1980s. I look at Sao Paulo, the city of industry in Brazil, and discuss the housing crisis that marginalized the working class to the shantytowns in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area in the 1980s, a process which became pronounced by the rapid industrial growth during the Brazilian miracle (1968-73).

KIM, Laura (Bryn Mawr) VISUALIZING CENTER CITY: EXPLORATIONS IN THE IMAGE OF PHILADELPHIA

In this project, I explore the mental mapping of Philadelphia by those who live and work in the city. I have interviewed people on the streets of Center City Philadelphia and ask them to draw their cognitive maps, or mental visualization, of the Center City area in an effort to understand how they perceive and organize the city. I then visited key locations drawn in the individual mental maps and to analyze them visually in a variety of media, including digital photographs, personal sketches and written observations. Together, these interrogate the application of academic theories regarding urban imageability to Center City Philadelphia. Finally, I compare my findings of each place through the creation of a collective map that combines all elements from individual mental maps, a series of graphically produced collages to illustrate my findings and written text. All these elements encourage the notion of Philadelphia as an imagined city whose mentally perceived elements appear in fragmented form, ever changing over the passage of time.

MASCARENHAS, Prianjali (Bryn Mawr) RISING TO THE CHALLENGE: PHILADELPHIA’S NEIGHBORHOOD TRANSFORMATION INITIATIVE AND THE VACANT LAND ISSUE

Urban Blight is a familiar sight in Philadelphia’s neighborhoods of the 21st century. In response to the trash strewn vacant lots, abandoned homes and factories, Mayor John Street has proposed a revitalization program to clear and manage these vacant spaces that put a severe fiscal strain on the city, the “Neighborhood Transformation Initiative’ (NTI), implemented in 2000. The primary focus since November 2000 has been the clearance of 31,000 vacant lots characterized by trash and debris left from demolition of abandoned structures In addition, to these vacant lots, NTI has targeted 14,000 abandoned homes in the city for demolition. Once these homes are razed, they too will add to the city’s burgeoning inventory of vacant land. My thesis involves a detailed analysis of the current NTI efforts at clearing Philadelphia’s vacant lots and their management. What challenges come in the way of successful implementation of lot clearance, maintenance and development? What new uses can the city’s vacant land be adapted to? What initiatives have city government, local residents, members of community development organizations and private businesses, taken in response to the NTI’s goals to clear, maintain and find new uses for vacant land? Finally, how have other U.S cities such as Cleveland, Baltimore and Boston dealt with the issue of vacant land?

It is too early to proclaim the NTI a success or a failure. Rather this thesis examines NTI’s implementation in the past year, notes successful and other efforts and makes predictions about Philadelphia’s vacant land situation after the NTI.

OTA, Kim (Bryn Mawr) THE PORTLAND REGION AS A PLANNING MODEL

The Portland, Oregon region has been praised by urban planners as a region that has managed growth in a manner that limits sprawl by coordinating various principles. These include increased transportation options, mixed use zones, higher density development, an urban growth boundary, protection of open and natural space, and participation of several actors (from government to citizens). However, before applying ideas that seem to work in the Portland region to different urban areas, it is necessary to understand the context of those plans, as well as criticism and uncertainties. This thesis identifies characteristics of the Portland region and faults of the current plans that may be useful in assessing relevance of planning principles in the Portland region to other urban spaces.

OVIDE, Daria (Haverford ) CREATING A RESTAURANT EXPERIENCE IN THE WHITE DOG CAFÉ AND POD ( PHILADELPHIA)

How is one's experience of a space created? The White Dog Café and Pod Restaurants, in the University City District of Philadelphia, both consciously construct specific experiences for their patrons. These experiences include cuisine, but also reflect images that are socially constructed within the restaurant. Restaurants are thus spaces defined by their physical structure and the strictures of behavior within them. The total experience is the product of the participant's expectations and experience in the setting.

By examining self-presentation in the form of design, press releases, and reviews and comparing them to the subsequent experience of a site visit, I will show how social constructions are experienced in space to create one's overall experience. By understanding the physical and social shape of a restaurant experience, we understand how the experience of space influences our use of it.

PHELPS, Melinda (Bryn Mawr) "IF YOU LIKE WHAT YOU SEE, TURN OFF YOUR TV AND DO IT!": PBS & THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PUBLIC CHILD

In what ways is public television “public?” This question has challenged the

Public Broadcasting System since its birth as “educational television” in 1952. This thesis examines some of the ways that PBS has responded to precisely that challenge. Through data drawn from my experience with PBS, as well as readings on PBS practice and history, I argue that PBS’ struggle to define its public has led to innovative intersections of television and community, most notably in the arena of children’s programming. One such innovative response is the ZOOM Local/National Project. The goal of this project is to “localize” the content of a national children’s program in order to extend its benefits into the local community.

How does PBS create and define its public? How do children represent a particular public for PBS? To address these questions, I analyze PBS and two of its children’s programs: Sesame Street and ZOOM. I also examine the implementation of the ZOOM Local/National Project at the local level at station KUHT in Houston, Texas. I argue that PBS has developed an ideal “public child” that matures with each PBS endeavor. By understanding the development of this “public child,” we can gain insight into the relationship between public television and its community. It is my hope that this thesis will contribute to scholarship concerning the dialogue between public television and its community, while suggesting opportunities for improvement.

RATZLAFF, Alexa (Bryn Mawr) DESIGNING A VISITORS' CENTER FOR SHOFUSO (THE JAPAN HOUSE) IN FAIRMOUNT PARK

Shofuso (Pine Breeze Villa), also known as the Japan House, is located in Western Fairmount Park in Philadelphia. It was built as a museum showpiece for the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) exhibition in 1954 as both a model of traditional Japanese Shoin-zukuri architecture and a prototype for Modern architecture. Donated in 1972 to Philadelphia, it is an active educational complex today. However, Shofuso was designed as an exhibition house, not as an education center that could withstand many visitors every day. The House lacks space, facilities, and amenities that are necessary to maintain it. In this thesis, I propose a design for a separate Visitors' Center next to Shofuso that will attempt at solving the problems of isolation and neglect.

The Visitors' Center I propose not only provides facilities, but also represents Japan's two coexisting paradoxical cultures of Tradition and Futurism. Though Shofuso brought Japanese culture to the United States and promoted Modernism, Japan subsequently also has developed into a culture represented by advanced technology The Visitor's Center must depict both themes.

While the designs for the Visitors' Center differ from the Shofuso at first glance, it discreetly uses similar designs as that of its traditional counterpart to show the paradoxical coexistence of Japan's cultures. For example, the structures are related in floor plan and asymmetrical layout. Both use nature as a merging tool producing uniformity. The reflective planes of glass and the mirroring reservoir at both also help communicate surrounding sky and trees with each other.

The project process consisted of researching Shoin-zukuri architecture. Analyzing Visitors' Centers in the United States and in Japan, observing the site, and creating three dimensional models of program relationships Through this process, I produced a theory for a real Visitor's Center that would not only express the complex parallel paradox of Japanese culture to fulfill the House's original goal, but also help preserve a significant building.

SIKOWITZ, Sophie (Haverford) RETHINKING RACIAL TRANSITION IN THE CEDARBROOK NEIGHBORHOOD OF PHILADELPHIA, 1940-2001

Widely referred to as the 'city of neighborhoods', Philadelphia offers many lessons on urban growth, decline, and change. Sections of the city have been applauded as 'successful', while others have transformed into quintessential examples of urban blight. Neighborhood decay is commonly attributed to 'white flight', which implies white exodus as a response to black presence in a neighborhood. When a neighborhood avoids white relocation, such as the Mount Airy section of Philadelphia, it is considered an enclave of success and applauded for its diversity. Yet, both of these situations are part of a more complex image of urban organization and change. In order to understand these two extremes, one must also understand possible alternative cases.

Cedarbrook, a neighborhood in the northwest corner of Philadelphia, developed in the late 1940's and originally was home to an all-white Catholic and Jewish population. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Cedarbrook began its transformation into a neighborhood that today is over ninety percent black. This paper explores two widespread urban phenomena--the reasons behind white flight and the expected results of racial transition. By exploring the history of Cedarbrook, this study shows how neighborhood continuity can exist amidst racial change. The racial transition of the neighborhood is examined through theoretical research and personal interviews with current and former residents of Cedarbrook. The definition of white flight is expanded beyond a simple reaction to black presence, as emphasis is placed on the Jewish migration pattern through Philadelphia and its effect on the racial transition of Cedarbrook. Contemporary Cedarbrook is examined and understood as a vital, working to lower-middle class neighborhood that has avoided the urban blight associated with racial change. This paper proposes that the definition of a 'successful' neighborhood must be expanded to include neighborhoods that continue to meet the needs of a changing population. The history of Cedarbrook provides a more complex analysis racial change that has been widely ignored in urban studies.

SPIGELMAN, Matthew (Haverford) LEARNING FROM THE RENAISSANCE TO BETTER INVESTIGATE THE PRESENT: DOMED BUILDING DESIGN WITHIN THE WESTERN ARCHITECTURAL TRADITION SINCE THE RENAISSANCE.

The Italian Renaissance of the fifteenth century began a process that has continued through to the present day of reinterpreting the legacy of classical Greek and Roman architecture. Architects in the Renaissance focused upon the architectural element of the dome as a key part of this process. This paper first investigates examples of how several Renaissance and Baroque architects utilized domes, with specific attention to the construction of space, ornament and image. This framework is then employed to explore and better understand some examples of domed buildings in America built over the last 125 years.

SPRING, Kurt (Haverford) DEFYING THE ODDS: AN ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL EXPLORATION OF AMERICAN INDIAN SOCIETY AND THE ROLE OF RESERVATION GAMING

The Federal Government passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) in 1988, granting American Indian tribes the power to operate casinos on reservation lands once a tribal-state gaming compact is negotiated. With this news, countless American Indian tribes quickly negotiated compacts with their state legislatures, authorizing them to begin casino operations or expand existing facilities on reservation lands. Yet after a decade of experimentation, this thesis argues that gaming is a tool rather than an essence or salvation for American Indian identity.

To argue this, the thesis compares several cases of Indian Gaming. The Mashantucket Pequot Tribe in southeastern Connecticut was one of the tribes who quickly took advantage of the newborn legislation. Soon Foxwoods, currently the world’s largest casino, and a contributor of millions to both state and tribal governments, emerged, saving their tribe and their culture through the economic stability revenues have provided. For the Mashantucket Pequots, the benefits from gaming have been immeasurable. The Navajo Nation, located throughout the southwestern United States, voted against reservation casino gaming. The Navajo endured years of economic hardship under the arm of Federal funding and vacillating government policy. Fortunately, in the past decade the Navajo have achieved strong economic and political status, while preserving their culture. Both the Navajo and the Mashantucket Pequots have rediscovered economic prosperity, yet did so by different means.

The common thread between the two is sovereign self-government. Both tribes have benefited from powerful, motivated leaders. With all the conflict and greed that is overcoming tribes from reservation gaming, as well as the questionable future of the gaming market, tribes and policy experts alike are looking to the Navajo and the Mashantucket Pequots as models for American Indian society. The result has been the debate over the legitimacy of American Indian gaming the effect that it has on the future of American Indian society and culture in the United States. Implicit in this discussion are the questions of Indian sovereignty, government, reparation, fairness, morality, inter-tribal and intra-tribal relations. American Indian gaming provides a positive economic stimulus for many tribes, while leaving others bitter, resentful and no better off than before.

TAYLOR, Maria (Bryn Mawr ) CITY IMAGE AS SOCIAL IDENTITY IN ST. PETERSBURG AND BUDAPEST

This thesis compares the physical urban environment to the image of the city

which we carry around in our heads, our photograph albums, and our history

books. The importance of tourism to the world economy and culture

encourages us to view contemporary efforts by cities to change their

cityscape and/or image as city marketing. Recognition of the cultural

capital embodied by picturesque historical landmarks is seen as a market

response to heritage tourism, further symptom of cultural fixations on the

past, which, as Post-Modernism informs us, is a defining mark of modern

Western society.

However, cityscape and image have been manipulated in order to change, claim, and (re)present social identities since long before the

rise of mass tourism or Post-Modernist theories of nostalgia and visual

consumption. Changes to either mean much more for the city than new

promotional opportunities. The wider connections of city image and

identity can be seen in examples taken from St. Petersburg (Russia) and

Budapest (Hungary), as well as through theoretical discussion of the built

environment as it effects and is effected by social memory.

THOMAS, Susanna (Bryn Mawr) PRAYER, MONKEY-WRENCHING AND TACTICAL FRIVOLITY:THE CHANGING PRAXIS OF NONVIOLENCE

Nonviolence has been used in movements for social change since societies began. Voting, petitioning, and the press are nonviolent means that citizens have long used to affect the policies under which they are governed. In the 20^th Century, however, certain nonviolent mass mobilizations of direct action and civil disobedience have come to mark the theory and culture of nonviolence in political action. Mohandas Gandhi points out that nonviolent action is not passivity: to sit idly by while injustice takes place can be considered complicity with the unjust violence of social powers. Indeed, many pacifists feel that a commitment to nonviolence necessitates some level of non-cooperation with systems and social practices that promote violence: for example, a pacifist might feel compelled to forbid her child to play with war toys, or to refuse taxes that go toward war.

In this paper, I discuss prominent movements that have used the rubric of nonviolence to achieve large-scale social change. In addition, I discuss three groups that have called the definition of nonviolence into question: the School of the Americas Watch, which carries out yearly vigils at Fort Benning, Georgia; Trident Plowshares, which interferes with the production of Trident nuclear submarines; and Earth First!, which works against logging of forests. These groups, because of their varying stances on the acceptability of property sabotage, represent a crucial crossroads in the evolution of the theory of nonviolence, which activists will need to consider in the coming century. I also discuss the spiritual roots of nonviolence by examining the religious arguments put forth by the Catholic Worker movement, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King, Jr.

Finally, I consider the future of nonviolence within social activism: given the changing definitions of nonviolence, the difficulty in distinguishing between groups that come to protests with ethics of nonviolence and groups that come to protests bent on destruction, and the increasingly violent police repression that accompanies mass mobilizations of protest. I ask what role nonviolence, dialogue with those in power, and cooperation with law enforcement can play in future protests and revolutionary and reformist social movements. It is clear that a common definition of nonviolent behavior must be established and agreed upon in future protests. The growing “anti-globalization” movement must re-connect with its roots among spiritual, religious, and working-class communities, as well as with communities of color, in order to maintain its strength. I suggest that the implementation of a consistent and mutually agreed-upon theory of nonviolent refusal to cooperate with injustice is the best way to build and grow upon these ties.

TULIER, Melody (Bryn Mawr) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHANTYTOWN DWELLERS AND URBAN REGIMES: A CASE STUDY OF BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA AND LIMA, PERU

Shantytowns are enclaves of urban poverty that physically express the pervasive intraurban inequalities that pervade throughout the Latin American metropolis. These enclaves of urban poverty are products of urban growth patterns, government policies and the effectiveness of community organization. What ties all these components together is the concept of citizenship. How have the respective political regimes of Argentina and Peru dealt with the inhabitants of shantytowns as citizens? This thesis will focus on the incorporation and exclusion of the inhabitants of shantytowns in Buenos Aires, Argentina and Lima, Peru. These two foils and their relationship with their citizens have implications for the ability of each respective city to rely on self-help policies, now the overriding housing policy in Latin America.