GSEM 619: Death and Beyond
|
Professor Mehmet-Ali Ata Office: Thomas 214 Phone: 5659 matac@brynmawr.edu Office Hours: M 2-4 or by appointment |
Professor Radcliffe G. Edmonds III Office: Thomas 245 Phone: 5046 redmonds@brynmawr.edu Office Hours: TThF 1:00-2:00 or by appointment |
Required Texts:
Garland, Robert, The Greek Way of Death, Cornell University Press: New York, 1985.
George, Andrew, The Epic of Gilgamesh: A New Translation, Penguin 1999.
Hornung, Erik, The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife, trans. David Lorton, Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 1999.
Van Gennep, Arnold, Rites of Passage, trans. M.B. Vizedom & G. L. Caffee, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1960.
Recommended Texts:
Assmann, Jan, Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt, trans. David Lorton, Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 2005.
Dunand, Franoise and Roger
Lichtenberg, Mummies and Death in Egypt,
trans. David Lorton (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006)
Course Description:
The question of what happens after the moment of death has always fascinated humanity - at one moment there is a living person, the next only a corpse; where did the person go? Every culture struggles with these questions of death and afterlife - what does it mean to die and what happens after death? This seminar will examine a variety of types of evidence - archaeological, poetic, and philosophical - to uncover ideas of death and afterlife in some of the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean world, with particular attention to the similarities and differences between ideas of death and beyond in the cultures of Greece, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. Van Gennep's model of death as a rite de passage provides the basic structure for the class, which is divided into three sections, each concerned with one section of the transition: Dying - leaving the world of the living; Liminality - the transition between the worlds; and Afterlife - existence after death. This anthropological model allows us to analyze the different discourses about death and afterlife.
In
the first section (Dying), we will
first look at ideas of death itself.
One of the fundamental dichotomies in human culture is the split between
mortal and immortal, and death can thus be seen as an essential part of being
human. We will examine ideas of
when and how a human being should or could die, as well as what happens in the
process of dying and how that fits into larger cosmological ideas.
The
next section of the course (Liminality)
will examine the transition of the deceased into the world of the dead, from
the perspective of both the deceased and of the living community. We will explore the various types
of funeral rituals performed by the relatives and mourners of the deceased in
different periods, paying special attention to the roles of women and the ways
the community regulates funeral behavior. We will look at the ways in which the journey of the deceased
from the realm of the living to the dead is imagined, focusing particularly on
the obstacles in the journey and the consequences of a failed transition -
monsters and ghosts.
The
final section of the course (Afterlife)
will deal with the stage after death, again from the perspective of both the
deceased and the living. We will
explore visions of the afterlife throughout Mesopotamian, Egytpian, and Greek
literature and art, focusing particularly on the changing topography of the
underworld and the privileges and punishments reserved for different types in
the mystery religions and philosophical schools. This section will also include a study of the various kinds
of rituals performed by the living for the dead, ranging from tendance at the
tomb to hero cult.
The
class will read selections from a variety of primary sources in translation,
along with some secondary sources, both anthropological and historical. Most of these readings will be
available on Blackboard or on reserve in Carpenter, but some will be from the
required texts for the class. Each
week several students will be responsible for leading discussion on the special
topics; these students will have additional readings to enrich their
understanding of the topics (although all students are welcome to do these
readings if time permits).
In
addition to discussion in the seminar, each student will produce a substantial
research paper on a topic chosen in consultation with one or both of the
professors. A detailed proposal
will be due in the week before spring break. All the student proposals will also be read by the panel of
experts who will visit the class later in the semester for a cross-cultural
symposium. Every student will give
a brief presentation of the research project in the last two weeks of the
semester, and the final papers will be due in the exam period.
Seminar Schedule
Week 1. Jan. 19-23 Introduction
Reading: Van Gennep, Rites of Passage
Week 2. Jan. 26-– Death in
Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt
Mesopotamia:
Primary
Sources:
Kramer,
Death of Ur-Nammu and His Descent to the
Netherworld
George, Bilgames and the Netherworld and The Death of Bilgames,
Secondary
Sources:
Bottro,
The Mythology of Death
Lambert,
The Theology of Death
Crawford,
Life, Death, and the Meaning of the Universe
Egypt:
Primary
Sources:
Simpson,
Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, Book of the
Dead, Harpers Song
Secondary
Sources:
Hare,
The Reverential Slaughter
Presenting students also read:
Assmann,
Death and Salvation, 1-112
Week 3. Feb. 2-6 Death in Greece: Dying - Who Dies? When and How?
Topics:
-
Mortals vs. Immortals
-
Good Death and Bad Death
-
Mechanics of Dying - departure of the psyche, dissolution of elements
Primary Readings:
Lyric
Poets: Callinus, Tyrtaeus, Semonides, Mimnermus, and Solon
Secondary Readings:
Garland, ch. 1-2
Sourvinou-Inwood,
To Die and Enter the House of Hades
Special Topics:
- Mortals vs. Immortals
Vernant,
Mortals and Immortals
Loraux, Therefore Socrates is Immortal
- Good Death and Bad Death
- Mechanics of Dying
Bremmer,
The Early Greek Concept of the Soul
ch. 1-2
Week 4. Feb. 9-13 – Funerary Ritual in Ancient
Mesopotamia and Egypt
Mesopotamia:
Pollock, Of Priestesses, Princes,
and Poor Relations
Pollock, Death of a Household
Katz, Sumerian Funerary Rituals in
Context
Richardson, Death and Dismemberment
in Mesopotamia
For those who need background
information on the Royal Tombs of Ur,
Early Dynastic Period (ca. 2900-2334
BCE), see Aruz, Art of the
First
Cities, 93-132
[easy read lots of pictures – not
on Bb but
on reserve in Carpenter]
Presenting
students also read:
Cohen, Death Rituals, [read up to the appendices – not on Bb]
Egypt:
DAuria et al., Mummies and Magic
Morris, Sacrifice for the State
Presenting
students also read:
Assmann, Death and Salvation, 299-348
Week 5. Feb. 16-20 Liminality for the Community: The Funeral Ritual in Greece
Topics:
-
Ritual for the community
-
Miasma and Purification
-
Funeral ritual in different periods
- Funeral components - burial vs. cremation,
offerings, lamentation
- Funeral Legislation - community regulates its
rituals, the role of women
- Parallels between funeral ritual and marriage
ritual
- Assimilation of the transitions in myth
- the case of Persephone at Locri
Primary Readings:
Funeral legislation references: Demosthenes
43.57-66 & Plato, Laws 958d-960b; Plutarch,
Life of Solon; Cicero,
de legibus 2.55-69
Secondary Readings
Garland, ch. 3; 4
Kurtz
and Boardman, ch. vii; xi
Alexiou,
The Ritual Lament ch. 1
Special Topics:
- Miasma and Purification
Parker,
Miasma ch. 1-2, Cyrene
Appendix
- Funeral ritual in different periods
Sourvinou-Inwood,
A Trauma in Flux; Appendix
to Reading Greek Death
Morris,
Attitudes toward Death in Archaic Greece
- Lamentation
Alexiou, Ritual Lament ch. 7-9 (on reserve in
Carpenter)
- Funeral Legislation
Garland, The well-ordered corpse
Toher,
Greek funerary legislation and the two Spartan funerals
- Parallels between funeral ritual
and marriage ritual in myth
Rehm,
Marriage to Death, ch 1-2
- Marriage to Death: the case of
Persephone at Locri
Sourvinou-Inwood,
Persephone and Aphrodite at Locri
Week 6. Feb. 23-27 – Transition for the Deceased
Mesopotamia:
Primary
Sources:
George, Babylonian
(Assyrian) Epic of Gilgamesh and the Sumerian
Gilgamesh poems
Dalley,
Etana, Myths from Mesopotamia
Izreel,
Adapa and the South Wind, 1-46
[no need to read the
philological notes]
Secondary
Sources:
Abusch,
Gilgameshs Request and Siduris Denial,
Foster,
Gilgamesh: Sex, Love and the Ascent of Knowledge,
Presenting students also read:
Liverani,
Adapa, guest of the gods,
Izreel,
Adapa and the South Wind, 107-149
Egypt:
Primary
Source:
Allen, Pyramid Texts
[including the introduction]
Secondary
Sources:
Assmann, Death and Salvation,
113-298
Presenting students also read:
Dunand
and Lichtenberg, Mummies and Death in
Egypt, 1-107
Week 7. Mar. 2-6 Liminality for the Deceased in Greece: The Journey and its Perils
Topics:
- the
journey - directions
-
obstacles to the journey - need for burial, the water barrier, special
knowledge
-
Failed transitions - the fate of the unburied, unmarried, or untimely
dead, Lamia and other female demons
- the
use of ghosts - necromancy, defixiones
Primary Readings:
Necromancy
in Africanus Kestoi & Aeschylus'
Persians
Pausanias
IX.39 on the Trophonius Oracle
Plutarch,
de genio 589f-592f
Secondary Readings
Garland, ch. 4
Special Topics:
- Failed transitions
Smith,
Towards Interpreting Demonic Powers
Johnston,
Defining the Dreadful
- obstacles to the journey in the
Orphic Gold Tablets
- the use of ghosts - necromancy, defixiones
Faraone,
Binding and Burying the Forces of Evil (part 1 & 2)
- Trophonius
Betz,
The Oracle of Trophonius
Bonnechere,
Trophonius of Lebadea
Week 8. Mar. 9-13 Spring Break
Week 9. Mar. 16-20 –
The Beyond in Ancient Mesopotamia
Primary
Sources:
Livingstone,
Underworld Vision of an Assyrian Prince
For review:
Kramer,
Death of Ur-Nammu and His Descent to the
Netherworld
George, Bilgames and the
Netherworld and The Death of Bilgames,
175-
208
Secondary
Sources:
Katz,
Image of the Netherworld, xv-112
Heimpel, Sun at Night and the Doors of Heaven, Journal of
Cuneiform
Studies 39 (1987) 127-151 [go to JSTOR].
Presenting students also read:
Katz,
Image of the Netherworld, 113-287
Week 10. Mar. 23-27 Beyond: After Death in Greece - the community regroups
Topics:
-
secondary burial practices
-
epitaphs and funeral orations
-
visiting the tomb and hero cult
Primary Readings:
Epitaphs from the Greek Anthology
Thucydides
2.33-46, Pericles Funeral Oration
Secondary Readings
Kurtz
and Boardman ch. xii; xiv
Garland, ch.7
Lattimore,
Themes in Greek & Latin Epitaphs
Parker,
Ancestral Gods, Ancestral Tombs
Special Topics:
-
funeral orations
Tyrell
& Burnett, Pericles' Muting of Women's Voices in Thuc. 2.45.2
-
epitaphs
Meyer,
Epitaphs and Citizenship
Sourvinou-Inwood, Reading Greek Death ch. 3 (part
1 & part
2)
-
visiting the tomb
Humphreys
Family Tombs & Tomb Cult
Shapiro,
The Iconography of Mourning
Oakley, Picturing death in classical Athens (book
on reserve in Carpenter)
-
hero cult
Antonaccio,
Contesting the Past
-
reworking hero cult
Flavius Philostratus, Heroicus
Du & Nagy, On Philostratus On Heroes
Week 11. Mar. 30-Apr. 3 – The Beyond in Ancient Egypt
Primary
Sources:
Piankoff and Rambova, Tomb
of Ramesses VI (New York: Pantheon Books,
1954) )[Not on Bb -- complete text to be read by presenting
students only –
other students please review the drawings and
photographs in both
volumes]
Selections from The Book
of the Dead (TBD)
Secondary
Sources:
Hornung, Ancient Egyptian
Books of the Afterlife
Erik Hornung, The Valley of the
Kings: Horizon of Eternity,
trans.
David Warburton (New York: Timken
Publishers, 1990): Chapter 5:
The Predominant Theme: The Journey
of the Sun God, Chapter 6:
Further Observations on the Journey
of the Sun God, Chapter 7:
The Triumph of Magic: The Sun
Gods Victory over Apophis,
Chapter 8: The Kingdom of Osiris:
The Netherworld, Chapter 9:
The Just Rewarded with Life from
Death, Chapter 10: The Unjust
Damned to Nonexistence, Chapter 11:
Equipped for Eternity (pp.
71-182, many essential illustrations
throughout)[not on Bb]
Hornung, The Hereafter
Presenting students also read:
Assmann,
Death and Salvation, 349-417
Week 12. Apr. 6-10 Beyond: Afterlife in Greece - Topography of the Underworld
Topics:
- the
changing location of the underworld - Elysium, Isles of the Blest, Hades
- the nature of life in the afterlife
- privilege and punishment
- Mystery Cults and Salvation
- Eleusinian Mysteries and Orphism
- Symposia of the Blest
- Reincarnation
Primary Readings:
Plato: myths from Phaedo
and Gorgias;
Plato: selections from Republic, Phaedrus, Phaedo
Pausanias
X.28-31 on Polygnotos
Plutarch
de sera numinis vindicta
Secondary Readings
Garland, ch. 5, 6
Special Topics:
- post-mortem punishment
Saunders,
Anxieties and Surrogates
Sourvinou-Inwood,
Crime and Punishment
- Mystery Cults and Salvation
Redfield,
The Politics of Immortality
- Orphism
Edmonds,
Extra-ordinary People
- Reincarnation
Obeyesekere,
Eschatology In Greek And Rebirth Soteriology
Week 13. Apr. 13-17 Conclusions – Symposium
Friday, April 17 - The Restless Dead and the Perfect Tomb: A Symposium – Tzvi Abusch, Rita Freed, Sarah Iles Johnston
Saturday, April 18 – Brunch with panel of experts
Week 14. Apr. 20-24 Student Reports
Week 15. Apr. 27-May 1 Student Reports
READING LIST FOR EGYPT AND MESOPOTAMIA
Tzvi Abusch, Gilgameshs Request
and Siduris Denial, in Mark E. Cohen et al., eds., The Tablet and the
Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo (Bethesda,
Maryland: CDL Press, 1993) 1-14
James P. Allen, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Writings from the Ancient World
(Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2005) 1-64
Joan Aruz, ed., Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium BC from the Mediterranean
to the Indus (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003)
Jan Assmann, Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt, trans. David Lorton (Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 2005) 1-112
Jeremy Black et al., The Literature of Ancient Sumer (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2004) 65-76
Jean Bottro, Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods, trans. Zainab Bahrani
and Marc van de Mieroop (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press,
1992)
Andrew C. Cohen, Death Rituals, Ideology, and the Development
of Early Mesopotamian Kingship: Towards a New Understanding of Iraqs Royal
Cemetery of Ur (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2005)
Harriet Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians (Cambridge
University Press, 1994)
Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2000)
Sue DAuria et al., Mummies and Magic: The Funerary Arts of
Ancient Egypt (Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1992)
Franoise Dunand and Roger
Lichtenberg, Mummies and Death in Egypt,
trans. David Lorton (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006)
Benjamin Foster, Gilgamesh: Sex,
Love and the Ascent of Knowledge, in John H. Marks and Robert M. Good, eds. Love
and Death in the Ancient Near East: Essays in Honor of Marvin H. Pope
(Guilford, Connecticut: Four Quarters Publishing Company, 1987) 21-42
Andrew George, The Epic of Gilgamesh: A New Translation (Penguin 1999)
Tom Hare, ReMembering Osiris: Number, Gender, and the Word in Ancient Egyptian
Representational Systems (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press,
1999)
Wolfgang Heimpel, The Sun at Night
and the Doors of Heaven in Babylonian Texts, Journal of Cuneiform Studies
39 (1987) 127-151.
Erik
Hornung, The Valley of the Kings: Horizon of Eternity, trans. David Warburton (New York:
Timken Publishers, 1990)
Erik Hornung, Idea into Image: Essays on Ancient Egyptian Thought, trans.
Elizabeth Bredeck (New York: Timken, 1992)
Erik Hornung, The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife, trans. David Lorton
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999)
Shlomo Izreel, Adapa and the South Wind: Language Has the Power of Life and Death
(Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2001)
Dina Katz, The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources (Bethesda,
Maryland: CDL Press, 2003)
Dina Katz, Sumerian Funerary
Rituals in Context, in Laneri, ed., Performing
Death, 167-188.
Samuel Noah Kramer, Death of
Ur-Nammu and His Descent to the Netherworld, Journal of Cuneiform Studies
21 (1967) 104-122.
Helge Kvanvig, Roots of
Apocalyptic: The Mesopotamian Background of the Enoch Figure and the Son of Man
(Neukirchner Verlag, 1988)
W. G. Lambert, The Theology of
Death, in Bendt Alster, ed., Death in
Mesopotamia: Papers Read at the XXVIe Rencontre Assyriologique
Internationale (Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1980) 53-66.
Nicola Laneri, ed., Performing Death: Social Analyses of
Funerary Traditions in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, Oriental
Institute Seminars 3 (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,
2008)
Mario Liverani, Myth and Politics in Ancient Near Eastern Historiography, ed. and
trans. Zainab Bahran (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004)
Alasdair Livingstone, Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea,
State Archives of Assyria 3 (Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project,
1989)
Siegfried Morenz, Egyptian Religion, trans. Ann E. Kepp
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992)
Ellen F. Morris, Sacrifice for the
State: First Dynasty Royal Funerals and the Rites at Macramallahs Rectangle,
in Laneri, ed., Performing Death,
15-37.
A. Piankoff and N. Rambova, The Tomb of Ramesses VI (New York:
Pantheon Books, 1954)
Susan Pollock, Of Priestesses,
Princes, and Poor Relations: The Dead in the Royal Cemetery of Ur, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1
(1991) 171-189.
Susan Pollock, Death of a
Household, in Laneri, ed., Performing
Death, 209-222
Seth Richardson, Death and
Dismemberment in Mesopotamia: Discorporation between the Body and Body
Politic, in Laneri, ed., Performing
Death, 189-208.
William Kelly Simpson, ed., The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An
Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003)
READING LIST FOR GREECE
Alexiou, Margaret (1974). The ritual lament in Greek tradition. Cambridge University Press..
Antonaccio, Carla M. (1994). Contesting the
Past: Hero Cult, Tomb Cult, and Epic in Early Greece. American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 98, No. 3:389-410.
Betz Hans Dieter (1990). The problem of apocalyptic genre in Greek and hellenistic literature : the case of the oracle of Trophonius. Gesammelte Aufstze, I : Hellenismus und Urchristentum. Tbingen : Mohr: 184-208.
Bonnechere, Pierre (2003). Trophonius of Lebadea: mystery aspects of an oracular cult in Boeotia. Greek mysteries : the archaeology and ritual of ancient Greek secret cults. ed. Michael B. Cosmopoulos. London ; New York : Routledge: 169-192.
Bremmer, Jan (1983). The Early Greek Concept of the Soul, Princeton University Press: Princeton.
Burkert, Walter (1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, trans. Edwin L. Minar, Jr., Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
Burkert, Walter (1987). Ancient Mystery Cults. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
Edmonds, R. (2004). Myths of the Underworld Journey: Plato, Aristophanes, and the Orphic Gold Tablets. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Edmonds, R. (2008). Extra-ordinary People: Mystai and Magoi, Magicians and Orphics in the Derveni Papyrus. Classical Philology 103: 16-39.
Faraone, C. A. (1991). Binding and Burying the Forces of Evil: The Defensive Use of 'Voodoo Dolls' in Ancient Greece. Classical Antiquity 10: 165-205.
Garland, Robert (1985). The Greek Way of Death, Cornell University Press: New York.
Garland, Robert (1989). The well-ordered corpse. An investigation into the motives behind Greek funerary legislation. BICS XXXVI: 1-15.
Hame, Kerri (2008). Female Control of Funeral Rites in Greek Tragedy: Klytaimestra, Medea, and Antigone. Classical Philology 103: 1-15.
Humphreys, S. C. (1981). Death and Time. Mortality and Immortality: the Anthropology and Archaeology of Death. S. C. Humphreys & H. King. London, Academic Press: 261-283.
Humphreys, S. C. (1993). Family Tombs & Tomb Cult . The family, women and death : comparative studies. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press: 79-134.
Johnston, S. I. and F. Graf (2007). Ritual Texts for the Afterlife. Orpheus and the Bacchic Gold Tablets. London and New York: Routledge.
Johnston, Sarah Iles (1995). Defining the Dreadful: Remarks on the Greek Child-Killing Demon. Ancient Magic and Ritual Power. M. M. a. P. Mirecki. Leiden, E.J. Brill: 361-390.
Johnston, Sarah Iles (1999). The Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece, University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles,.
Kurtz, Donna and John Boardman (1971). Greek Burial Customs, Cornell University Press: Ithaca.
Lattimore, Richmond (1962). Themes in Greek and Latin Epitaphs, University of Illinois Press: Urbana.
Loraux, Nicole (1986). The Invention of Athens: The Funeral Oration in the Classical City, trans. Alan Sheridan, Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
Loraux, Nicole (1995). Therefore Socrates is Immortal. The Experiences of Tiresias: The Feminine and the Greek Man. Trans. Wissing. Princeton University Press: 145-167.
Meyer, Elizabeth A. (1993). Epitaphs and Citizenship in Classical
Athens. The Journal of Hellenic Studies
113: 99-121
Morris,
I. (1989). Attitudes toward death in archaic Greece. Classical Antiquity 8(2): 296-320.
Oakley, John H. (2004). Picturing death in classical Athens : the evidence of the white lekythoi. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press.
Obeyesekere, Gananath (2002). Eschatology In Greek And Rebirth Soteriology. Imagining Karma : Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth. Ewing, NJ, USA: University of California Press.
Ogden, Daniel (2001). Greek and Roman necromancy. Princeton University Press.
Parker, R. (1983). Miasma: Pollution and Purity in Early Greek Religion. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Parker, R. (1995). Early Orphism. The Greek world. A. Powell. London, Routledge: 483-510.
Parker, Robert (2005). Polytheism and society at Athens. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Redfield, J. (1991). The politics of immortality. Orphisme et Orphe: En l'honneur de Jean Rudhardt. P. Borgeaud. Geneva. 3: 103-17.
Redfield, J. (2003). The Locrian maidens : love and death in Greek Italy. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
Rehm, Rush (1994). Marriage to death : the conflation of wedding and funeral rituals in Greek tragedy. Princeton University Press.
Rohde, Erwin, Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality among the Greeks, trans. Hillis, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner &Co., Ltd.: London, 1925.
Saunders, Trevor J. (1991). Anxieties and Surrogates. Plato's Penal Code: Tradition, Controversy, and Reform in Greek Penology. Clarendon Press: Oxford.
Seaford, Richard (1987). The Tragic Wedding,"Journal of Hellenic Studies cvii: 106-130.
Shapiro, H.
A. (1991). The Iconography of Mourning in Athenian Art. American
Journal of Archaeology 95.4:
629-656
Smith J. Z. (1976). Towards interpreting demonic powers in Hellenistic and Roman antiquity. ANRW II N 16.1 : 425-439.
Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane (1978). Persephone and Aphrodite at
Locri: A Model for Personality Definitions in Greek Religion. The Journal of Hellenic Studies 98:
101-121.
Sourvinou-Inwood,
Christiane (1981). To Die
and Enter the House of Hades: Homer, Before and After. Mirrors of Mortality: Studies in the Social History of Death. J.
Whaley. New York, St. Martin's Press: 15-39.
Sourvinou-Inwood,
Christiane (1983). A
trauma in flux: death in the 8th century and after. The Greek Renaissance in the Eighth Century B.C.: Tradition and Innovation. R. Hgg.
Stockholm: 33-49.
Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane (1986). Crime and Punishment: Tityos, Tantalos, and Sisyphos in Odyseey 11. BICS 33: 37-58.
Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane (1995). 'Reading' Greek Death. Clarendon Press: Oxford.
Toher, Mark (1991). Greek funerary legislation and the two Spartan funerals. Georgica: Greek Studies in honour of G. Cawkwell. ed. Flower and Toher. BICS Supplement 58: 159-175.
Tyrrell, Wm. Blake, and Larry J. Bennett
(1999). Pericles' Muting of Women's
Voices in Thuc. 2.45.2. The Classical
Journal 95.1: 37-51
Van Gennep, Arnold (1960). Rites of Passage, trans. M.B. Vizedom & G. L. Caffee, University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
Vermeule, Emily, Aspects of Death in Early Greek Art and Poetry, University of California Press: Berkeley, 1979.
Vernant, Jean Pierre (1991). Mortals and immortals: collected essays. ed Zeitlin. Princeton University Press.