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 Orléans
instituted an annual civic festival to celebrate its deliverance by Joan
of Arc within a few years of the event. Many other cities began holding
fêtes during the nineteenth century as Joan's cult grew. This Souvenir
of Orléans' 1924 fête includes an itinerary of historical
reenactments, church ceremonies, and processions. But the program is equally
devoted to advertising for everything from corsets to shoe-polish. The
festivals were tourist attractions, and although the events were planned
around local sites which had figured in Joan's life, they also took place
on commercial streets so shop owners could profit from the foot traffic.
Joan
was regarded as a role model for girls and young women on many levels,
but it was an idea of female civic responsibility as much as Joan herself
that the festivals celebrated. They were seen as opportunities for women's
active, but directed, participation in the local community. As part of
many festivals a young local woman was chosen to dress in armor and ride
a horse through the streets of the city. An inscription on the back of
this postcard states that the woman shown was a descendant of Joan of
Arc's brother, an appropriate choice to personify the heroine.
Many
locales across France could claim some right to celebrate Joan's legacy,
but as the birthplace of the famous maid, Domremy could boast a special
relationship with her. The town preserved her home, erected new monuments,
and established a school where young girls could receive moral instruction
worthy of her. To celebrate the completion of the various building projects
in 1820, a civic festival was inaugurated as another homage to the native
heroine. Domremy played up the theme of Joan's pastoral origins by hosting
their festival in a giant meadow near the Bois-Chenu. DeHaldat describes
the idyllic setting in detail, stating that the site itself was suffused
with the glory of Joan.
Since
the early 19th century there had been a bitter rivalry between the religious
community and the municipal government of Rouen over which institution
had the authority to properly celebrate Joan of Arc's cult. This was a
ticklish question, since both church and city had participated in her
execution. The festival of 1892 was a triumph for the church party with
the consecration of a great monument to Joan next to the basilica. This
pamphlet lauds the archbishop Monsignor Thomas effusively, and explains
how all the events unfolded around him, from the morning mass, through
the festival banquet, to the inauguration ceremony. Those opposed to the
religious use of Joan's cult, however, noted with satisfaction that the
sculpted Joan stands with her back to the basilica and faces in the direction
of the city, thus symbolically dismissing the Church and turning her attention
towards the civic life of Rouen.
Theatrical productions and poetry readings were often included in the
festivals, and local musicians were commissioned to compose music for
the ceremonies. These postcards
show the sort of tableaux vivants that were performed at some festivals;
often requiring elaborate sets and costumes, and calling on the participation
of local schools or other groups, they were popular with the public.
Compiègne,
where Joan was taken prisoner, mounted especially splendid fêtes.
The city annually organized elaborate historical reenactments, paraded
fifteenth century artillery through the streets, reconstructed medieval
shop fronts, and hosted jousting. The postcards below served a variety
of functions - some advertised the event in advance, some served as souvenirs
of either the festival or the town. The phenomenon of issuing small collectible
poster stamps was just reaching its peak when the stamp at left was produced.
Some graphic designers were particularly masterful at working within this
small-scale and became known for the striking impact of their miniature
advertisements.

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